Give Me Liberty 5th Edch 14 Review Answers 1-9

Notes: Give Me Liberty! An American History: Chapter 9

Eric Foner: Book Outline Notes for Give Me Liberty! An American History Second Edition

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• Notes: Chapter 1
  
• Notes: Chapter 2
  
• Notes: Chapter 3
  
• Notes: Affiliate 4
  
• Notes: Chapter 7
  
• Notes: Chapter viii
  
• Notes: Chapter 9
  
• Notes: Affiliate 10
  
• Notes: Affiliate 11
  
• Notes: Affiliate 12
  
• Notes: Affiliate 13
  
• Notes: Chapter fourteen
  

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Chapter 9: The Market Revolution (1800-1840)

Focus Questions

1. What were the min features of the new economic system taking shape in the early 19th century?
2. What were the effects of the market revolution in early on 19th century-America?
3. How did economic and social change recast American freedom in this period?
4. How did the marketplace revolution touch the lives of women and African-Americans?

The Market Revolution

1. The Market Revolution

1. Intro

1. 1824 - Marquis de Lafayette visited the United States and fought on the The states's sideThe US had grown immensely since 1784
2. Liberty came standard in the US, liberty was he greatest hither

1. The idea of freedom was constantly changing though

Lafayette was not addicted of slavery at ALL though, actually disliked slavery A New Economy

1. Consummate technological innovations in transportation and communication
2. Transporting appurtenances faced incredible barriers (apart from flatboats floating downstream on major rivers)
3. American subcontract families produced what they needed, and colonists were also drawn into U.k.'s commercial Empire
4. Abraham Lincoln grew up in a pre-marker world

1. Grew up in Kentucky, family was self-sufficient. However, as an developed, Abraham embraced the market place revolution

Roads and Steamboats

1. 1st half of the 19th century

1. Steamboat, Canal, Railroad, and telegraph all were invented: They all:

1. Lowered transportation costs, opened new land to settlement, and made it easier to marketplace appurtenances
2. Robert Fulton experimented with steamboat designs (Clermont in 1807 was the starting time real awesome one)

The Erie Canal

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1. Immune goods to catamenia btwn the Neat Lakes and New York Urban center
2. This Canal REALLY made NY an excellent place for commerce: information technology substantially turned it into a commerce crazy place...trade was awesome here
3. Other states tried to match NY's success: over 3,000 miles of canals were built by 1837.

Railroads and the Telegraph

1. Railroads opened upwardly the AM interior to settlement
2. By 1860, the railroad network had grown to 30,000 miles
3. Telegraph was important also (by Samuel F. B. Morse): Originally for newspapers and businesses, not for individuals.

The Ascension of the West

1. With new technology, the Due west became a powerful region.
2. Few people traveled to the West equally solitary pioneers; many went with groups and cooperated with each other to develop small communities
3. Some westerners became "squatters"
4. The West became a home for many different cultures of people
5. The nation's borders expanded every bit ppl went due west
6. Population boom was incredible!

The Cotton wool Kingdom

1. The Early on Industrial Revolution that started in England spread to N AM, centered on factories producing cotton textiles with water-powered spinning and weaving mechanism
2. Eli Whitney - Invented the Cotton fiber Gin: It revolutionized AM slavery

1. Huge reason why AF slave trade was opened up btwn 1803 and 1808

With AM sovereignty came the expansion of slavery The Unfree Westward Motion

1. Historians judge that effectually ane million slaves from older slave states were shifted to the Deep Southward btwn 1800 and 1860
2. Slave trade became a well-organized business
3. Slave coffles = groups chained to one another on forced marches to the Deep South: mutual sight
4. Although grain was more desired by Europeans, cotton was much more assisting

Market Lodge

1. Intro

1. Cotton was generally sold nationally and internationally, and the South was commercially oriented. All the same, lxxx% of southerners worked the lands

Commercial Farmers

1. In the North, the region was transformed into an integrated economic system of commercial farms and manufacturing cities
2. Steel Plow and the reaper (harvests wheat) inventions led to expanded production

The Growth of Cities

1. Cincinnati and St. Louis = extraordinary growth. Cin = "porkopolis" for slaughtering tons of pigs
2. Urban areas (besides as rural areas), had change: number of highly populated cities grew more than than 10 fold
3. Work began to change; instead of one very skilled craftsman, you'd accept 5 craftsman doing different parts of production

Manufacturing plant System

1. The factory super-ceded all traditional craft product altogether
2. Starting time factory was a re-created design from a BR factory (spinning factories: produced by Slater)
3. The development of factories really started to happen later the Embargo Human activity of 1807
4. Steam ability developed by the 1840s...
5. Overall, the South lacked in factory production

The Industrial Worker

1. Subcontract life continued to go with the seasons, simply industrial workers worked off the clock (all day every day)
2. Pay increasingly became n hourly or daily rate, or "wage", based on "clock time"

The "Mill Girls"

1. Some factories employed unabridged families, only the early New England material mills relied largely on female and kid labor
2. Most only worked a few years until they got married or moved W

The Growth of Clearing

1. Majority of clearing from Ireland and Frg: 90% headed to Northern states where chore opportunities were most abundant
2. What affected this

1. Modernization of agronomics and industrialization in Europe disrupted century-old patterns of life
2. Introduction of the ocean-going steamship and railroad made long-altitude travel more applied

Irish and German language Newcomers

1. Largest number of immigrants were refugees from disaster - Irish men and women fleeing the Great Famine 1845-1851 (potato crop fail
2. Irish didn't mind working long days b/c they had liberty when it was one
3. 2d largest group = Germans; Lot more skilled craftsman than the Irish

1. Settled mostly in tightly knit cities, had it's own civilisation, etc..

The Rise of Nativism

1. Immigrants were also from England (hands accepted into AM community)
2. The Irish were heavily discriminated against. ("anti-popery ran deep")
3. Thought of the US as a refuge for those seeking economic opportunity or escape from oppression has e'er coexisted with suspicion of and hostility to foreign newcomers.
4. Large amt of Irish immigrants alarmed the Native-born Americans
5. Nativists = Those who feared the bear on of immigration on American political and social life

1. They said that the Irish gaelic were bad ppl b/c they undercut skilled laborers for starvation wages, and that they were just a threat to liberty
2. Nativism would not get a national political movement until the 1850s

The Transformation of Law

1. The corporate course of business system became central to the new market place economy. Basically, corporations started entering the mix to keep the owners from suffering incredible losses if the business tanked
2. Many Americans distrusted corporate charters though
3. Sup Ct Case = Dartmouth Higher vs Woodward (1819) - John Marshall's Supreme Courtroom divers corporate charters issued by state legislatures every bit contracts, which future lawmakers could not alter or rescind. Then the
4. Gibbons vs Ogden case happened = Steamboat monopoly struck down
5. Commonwealth vs. Hunt = said that workers tin organize a strike or a union

The Costless Private

1. Intro

1. By the 1830s, European visitors were very amazed at the market revoltution

1. It was energetic, materialistic, and seemingly in constant move

People were ever buying and selling land/property The W and Freedom

1. Due west expansion was for a long time linked with American liberty "the Manifest Destiny", meaning that the The states had a divinely appointed mission to occupy all of N AM
2. Idea that freedom and expansion was an American obligation

The Transcendentalists

1. Individuals seeking economic advancement and personal development
2. Emerson was an imp man who said that freedom was an open-ended procedure of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives. It was the "American idea"

1. Emerson most imp fellow member of transcendentalists

Individualism

1. The thought that Americans should depend on no one but themselves
2. It helped inspire the expansion of republic: Buying of one's self rather than ownership of belongings made a person capable of voting
3. Thoreau: guy who loved nature, agreed with Emerson, that is all.

Voices of Freedom

1. Ralph Waldo Emerson "The American Scholar"

1. 'the scholar should be gratis and brave', individuals are the more of import thing to a person, and that only people tin help themselves

Orestes Brownson'due south "The Laboring Class"

1. 'said that ppl work much more and much harder than what they deserve to get paid for
2. The 'social arrangements' are the evil that needs to be 'cured'. The nowadays organisation of trade needs to be changed'

The Second Great Enkindling

1. Popular religious revivals that swept over the country
2. Long revival meetings in NY by Charles Finney
3. Finney warned of hell in vivid language while offering conservancy to converts
4. The 2nd Great Enkindling democratized American Christianity, making information technology a truly mass enterprise: Preachers grew from two,000 to 45,000 in sixty yrs~
5. Methodism was the largest denomination
6. Herman Melville's phrase "to gospelize the world anew."

The Awakening's impact

1. It stressed the correct of private judgement in spiritual matters and the possibility of conservancy through faith and good works
2. Described ppl as a "moral free agent": allowed to choose btwn Christian life and sin
3. The preachers were very confronting strong individualistic behavior b/c it signified selfishness, or in other words, sin.
4. Preachers stressed the importance of industry, sobriety, and self-discipline every bit qualities necessary for success in a marketplace civilisation.

The Limits of Prosperity

1. Freedom and Prosperity

1. The right to compete for economic advocacy became a touchstone of American freedom
2. Many ppl chose to enrich themselves through AM liberty: John Jacob Astor was one. He died the richest man in America, leaving backside the nation's most famous hotel

1. He, along with others, proved that their own intelligence and hard work could make them a fortune

Race and Opportunity Well-nigh blacks were slaves for the market place revolution; experienced downward mobility Barred from schools and other public facilities Children of slaves usually had to piece of work before being freed, and when they were free, they only had remedial/crap jobs The Cult of Domesticity

1. Women: some worked at factories, even though her "place" was at home.
2. The idea of "republican motherhood": allowed women a kind of public role as mothers of future citizens,eventually evolved into the "cult of domesticity"

1. "Virtue" for women meant servitude to men and sexual innocence
2. The "Cult of D" causeless that men were rational, aggressive, and domineering, while women were nurturing, selfless, ruled past the emotions, and thus less fitted for public life

Women and Piece of work

1. Women had severe disadvantages,; they could not compete freely for employment, since low paying jobs were bachelor to them
2. Some went to factories, domestic servants, and seamstresses
3. Domestic Servants was the largest category for women in the 19th century AM
4. The freedom of middle-class women rested on the employment of other women w/in the household

The Early Labor movement

1. Many ppl felt threatened by the consequences of the market revolution
2. Many Am's viewed the market revolution as a loss of liberty b/c employment was irregular and numerous businesses failed, with a slight low in 1837.
3. The social wealth gap widened greatly btwn wealthy merchants and unskilled workers
4. The Early Labor movement called for gratuitous homesteads for settlers on public land and an end to the imprisonment of union leaders for conspiracy

The "Liberty of Living"

1. Labor Spokesmen spoke of wage labor as "the very essence of slavery" since it essentially took abroad a person's liberty (time, low wage, etc..)
2. Labor classes were at war..."we are free...simply not free enough"
3. As the 19th and 20 centuries came along, Economical Security (a standards of life beneath which no person would fall) formed an essential part of AM freedom
4. Thus, the market revolution had skilful and bad things; it encouraged individualism among white men, but severely limited the options for women and AF-AM's

Review Questions

1. What were the major social effects of the market place revolution?
2. How did ideas of American freedom change in this period?
3. What revolutionary changed did AM slavery undergo in this period?
4. What role did clearing play in the market place revolution?
5. The 2nd Great Awakening both took reward of the market revolution and criticizes excesses. Explain this statement.

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